Tents and Marquees
Event Tents, such as wedding tents are used when you want to make a fabulous outdoor scene. They are generally structures installed at a location for a period of time.
Why A Tent?
Commercial Tents are used as protection from the sun, rain or a gathering place. They can make a stunning and creative atmosphere for any event.
Tent Rentals
Tents can be rented or leased for a day, a weekend, weeks, months, etc. For one or two day events, the Tents are usually installed a few days before the event, depending on scheduling and weather, and remain until a few days after the event. Many rentals are quoted for the entire week, allowing for time to set up and design the interior and exterior. Some Tents are built for exceedingly long-term events and have been installed and remain installed for years.
What Kind of Tent Should I Rent?
Tent rental companies come in all sizes - from small-sized companies with just a few Tents to exceedingly large-sized companies - carrying dozens of several sizes and styles of Tents. Some general rental companies rent from tent rental companies to accommodate their client’s needs.
You may know you want to use a standard Tent for your event, or your event planner may already have in mind to use a Tent. You have options! There are lots of other splendid
structures and Tent styles out there. Some are unique and make a statement of their own. Ask the rental company you’re working with for a list of the type styles they have on hand.
Usually, the different types of Tents available in most companies are (the names vary depending of the company):
Folding Tents Easy and fast to use and always in demand. Very popular, because usually is the less expensive tent. Fast, flexible, cost effective and long lasting.
They are used by:
- Corporate brands across most industries
- Government & Council buyers
- SME business marketers
- Franchisees
- Agricultural exhibitors
- Emergency services & community groups
- Folding Tents create brand exposure opportunities.
- You can reach your audience at the right time, in the right place with the right message.
Inflatable Tents An exciting and fun alternative Tent. Easy & fast to set up. Be sure they have removable printed roof because in that way you can share the investment with other licences.
What Size Tent Will I Need?
The size of Tent depends on a few factors:
1. The number of guests you expect
2. Layout or seating arrangements or the style of event:
* Reception with what type of tables?
* Speaker engagement with what type of seating?
* Will you need a dance floor?
* Will you need display areas for your products?
If you are interested in a Tent, you can expect to need about 2,000 - 2,500 square feet for 200-seated guests. That could mean a 40 x 60 size Tent (Always ask the Tent rental vendor directly and they’ll give you the best dataabout the size of Tent you’ll need).
Therefore, the key rule is; know what you are going to use your tent for. The choice of tents is incredible, almost on par with the choice of cars that you can buy.
So if you need a tent for the family BBQ, for example, your needs are fairly basic
and your budget may be tight. Look for cheap tents that offers a waterproof Polyester roof and a solid warranty for under $600.
If you need a tent for a school or sports club you will need a diverse range of sizes, and colours. Most plain colour Tents s range between $995- $2900. If you are keen to advertise yourself, you can have your names printed for around $150-$300. Printing logos usually cost a little more.
In the last 5 years, portable Tents have become important to businesses for their marketing. The key need for these buyers is a prominent and premium reproduction of their logo. Sign written or printed Tents can be as boring as a website address or they can be a design masterpiece.
Remember, if it is for commercial purposes, the aim is to build recognition of your company with your printed Tent. Printed corporate Tents range in price from $1500- $4000. Good ones will really catch your eye.
Once you have decided on what sort of buyer you are and how you are going to use your Tents, a good Tents company will offer you a choice of frames, a warranty of between 3-5 years and help with formulating the printing-if you need it.
For more information about tents, contact Extreme Marquees. We have a range of cheap tents, for all sorts of home and business applications.
Sphere: Related ContentNew Zealand’s Top Holiday Cities
New Zealand has a radiant array of astounding landscapes. Like huge mountain ranges, majestic coastlines, bountiful rainforests, deep fiords, snow capped mountains and steaming volcanoes. These scenic wonders have all made New Zealand an attractive destination for all kinds of holidays.
Fantastic travel packages and holiday specials are available on quality accommodation in modern city hotels and luxurious wilderness lodges at reduced prices. Among the top holiday destinations in New Zealand, Queenstown, Christchurch and Auckland would definitely be there. Travel Online is a prominent online specialist travel operator and provides wonderful tourist services for New Zealand. Travel Online provides an instant quote and booking service for accommodation in cities right across the country.
Queenstown
The international resort town of Queenstown is situated on the shoreline of Wakatipu Lake. This beautiful region is among the most picturesque locations on the globe. Throughout the year adventurous and stimulating sports like jet boating, bungy jumping, and white water rafting take place. This town is the epicentre of the entire world’s bungy jumping activities too. With the advent of winter, the town gets transformed to an alpine wonderland with snowboarders and skiers from all corners of the world assembling at the annual Winter Festival.
There is constant request for Queenstown Accommodation all round the year and Travel Online offers a select group of hotels best suited for New Zealand holidays. 1, 2, 3 or 4 bedroom apartments, with luxurious facilities, gyms, spas and fantastic views are available at various holiday retreats across the city. Bigger apartments with more bedrooms, tennis courts, private jetties and fitness centres are also available at a higher price. Luxury complexes with studio rooms in the vicinity of cafes, bars, and restaurants are also found in Travel Online’ Queenstown Accommodation selection.
Christchurch
When choosing a place to stay in Christchurch look for hotels that give views over the astounding Victoria Square, across the transfixing Avon River or towards the epochal Anglican Cathedral. Situated on New Zealand’s South Island, this cosmopolitan city is always abuzz with fantastic festivals, shopping spots, theaters and art galleries. Hotels overlooking Victoria Square provide visitors with an insight in to the city’s English history.
Individuals accommodated in the vicinity of the Christchurch Cathedral will find hotel rooms with a Manhattan-style feel. Tradition and elegance are everywhere in these hotels along with a keen eye on service excellence. Huge bedrooms with full-fledged kitchen facilities are common, along with hi-tech conference facilities, resort-like leisure features like spas, saunas, gyms, and swimming pools. Many of these hotels provided by Travel Online are located in the vicinity of the Technology Park, the International Antarctic Centre, and the airport. Travelers who want to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the cosmopolitan life will find suitable accommodation in the stunningcountryside surrounding the city.
Auckland
Auckland, also known as the City of Sails, is located in between 2 harbors and has more boats per person than anywhere on the planet. Within minutes a person has the choice of sailing away on yachts to isolated nearby islands, living the sweet life in the casino, surfing at endless beaches or tasting the exotic wines at local vineyards. Hotels come in stylish and comfortable studios, and spacious executive / marina suites. Travel Online caters to the tastes of corporate and business tourists and can beat any price seen on Auckland accommodation advertised. Auckland harbor is radiant, and is seen perfectly from atop Sky City and the surrounding accommodation.
Affordable and comfortable apartments are available for casual tourists, equipped with kitchens, laundries, and balconies to provide a wonderful holidaying experience. Visitors to Auckland love visiting the Antarctic Encounter, which showcases the only penguins present in the sub-Antarctic region. More adventures include cage-bereft shark dives, scuba expeditions and snorkel safaris. New Zealand is waiting.
Travel Online has a wide range of Queenstown accommodation close to all the snow action and cosmopolitan Christchurch accommodation surrounded by all that theatre and art. For holidays in and around the water, Auckland accommodation is as good as anywhere in the world.
Sphere: Related ContentRepairing Flooded Carpet: A cheap job is a good job right? Wrong….
Don’t allow an unprofessional 24 hour carpet cleaner show up to repair your carpets with water damage. These are the worries you need to be careful of:
Overcharging. An unprofessional water restoration restorer may fill the job up with extra extras. E.g. using dehumidification to dry the flooded carpets is not needed.
Correct equipment. They might hire equipment from hire businesses for the carpet. This is acceptable, but a professional water damage restorer will possess all their equipment to provide a quicker response and hopefully a better value job.
Moisture metre. If they don’t have the choice moisture meter, they can’t know if the carpet is dry enough. This furthers the problem of mould growth in the future. Removal of this may be required.
If they aren’t specialised. There are a lot of “Carpet Cleaners” in this industry who do repair repairs on the “side.” i.e. they don’t deal with this kind of repair often. Be careful of them. Restoring water damage to carpets is an art. Reinstalling carpets on the gripper strips must be taken on by a professional, otherwise the carpet can be damaged incontrovertibly.
You might be wondering, how do I choose a proper Flood Restoration techinician? Below I have selected some things to look out for when hunting around for a carpet flood damage business:
The size of their Yellow Pages ad slot: This can indicate how much business they do already. A full-size Yellow Pages ad can cost more than $50 000. If they have paid for a larger ad, you can have some expectation that they will deliver the goods.
Where do they come up in Google? The higher the rate in Google, the more “online votes” there are for their business.
What Qualifications do they have? The minimum qualification they require is a IICRC qualification of Applied Structural Drying and Water Damage Restoration.
Do Insurance companies use them for carpet damage jobs? This is a great indicator. If insurance companies hire them, the business is likely to be superb at their job. Insurance companies often use the businesses that provide them the better value for the fee.
How much Equipment do they have? They should own at least 100 Air movers. If they own this many, this shows they have been established for a good while. It took our business 8 years to acquire that many wet carpet drying air movers.
What level of commitment can you get with them by calling on the phone? Ask if you can pin them down to a price for water extraction, water removal and initial inspection. If they can’t give you a rate for this only, you know they are not going to serve you, so go elsewhere.
Response Time – Our Water Damage Brisbane-based business operates to a 59 minute response time for water damage emergency. The business needs to be done ASAP. Mould can grow inside a 24 hour period.
If you follow these tips you are sure to come up with a Flood Damage Restoration company who knows what they are doing.
If you have carpet water damage Brisbane, call us for flooded wet carpet drying. Brisbane storm season is approaching and you may need storm damage carpet cleaning. Brisbane and surrounding areas serviced.
Sphere: Related ContentPodiatry as a Career in Australia
As a practicing podiatrist in Brisbane, Australia, I am often asked by parents if podiatry would be a good career for a school leaver to contemplate . There are many things to recommend a career in podiatry including:
- You can be self employed: This is a prospect that is increasingly being denied to other health care providers such as optometrists and even General Practitioners . Big Business controls a lot of health practices. Consider how often you see an independent optometrist these days – can they compete on price with the multinational chains?
- Legal Issues: In Australia (unlike the USA where things are very different), podiatrists very, very rarely face malpractice suits. The nature of podiatry practice does not lend itself to accidentally harming one’s patients. Also, you never have to give your patients the bad news that their condition will be terminal.
- Working Hours: Emergency call outs are very unlikely. This is a desirable fact for those among us who like their sleep uninterrupted.
- Financial Reward: Whilst it is true that podiatry doesn’t pay as well as being a doctor or dentist , the pay is generally commensurate with other allied health providers.
- Instant Gratification: One of the most rewarding things about a career as a podiatrist is the instant gratification! People come in with pain and leave happy. You will consult on a plethora of bite-sized jobs each day, many with a cure you can provide immediately. From someone that has worked with unanimously grumpy customers in a past career, believe me when I tell you, it makes the day much more rewarding when people leave you smiling.
- Philanthropy: Podiatry will afford you an abundance of opportunity to help eliminate the suffering of your fellow human beings.
- Self – Determination: Podiatry gives a practitioner the power to determine their own course of action for the benefit of their patients. This is unlike a career in nursing for example where one acts under the instruction of a doctor.
- Clear Job roles: The only people who can claim to be a podiatrist are those with a podiatry qualification. The clear roles that this defines relieves the need to find your ‘niche’ after university - as someone with a more generic Bachelor of Science degree might need to do.
- Do you like to travel? There are many places around the world that do not qualify their own podiatrists including Tasmania, the Northern Territory, all of Asia and all of the Middle East. If you want to see the world, Australian podiatrists can work in any Commonwealth country and are especially in demand in Singapore, Egypt, United Arab Emirates and other far flung fields.
- Variety: In any given day, a podiatrist will see a great range of complaints. There may be an ingrown toenail or two, a debilitating corn, a sports injury, some lower back pain and at least a couple of painful arches . The essence of being a good podiatrist is to bea good problem solver. Each patient is an individual with a unique problem requiring a well considered solution.
How do you qualify as a podiatrist ?
To qualify as a podiatrist provided by six Australian Universities:
-
Curtin University
- La Trobe University
- Charles Sturt University
- Queensland University of Technology
- University of South Australia
- University of Western Sydney.
Last year, the entry score for the QUT was OP 8.
Stephanie Cosgrove graduated as a podiatrist from QUT in 1990 and with a Master’s degree in Applied Science (Podiatry) in 1996. Since 1991, she has worked in private practice as a Podiatrist Brisbane. She received three university prizes during her studies, including the award for excellence in design and manufacture of orthotics. Brisbane has been the site of her private practice since 1991 which has grown to four locations and eleven staff. If you want to Walk Without Pain consider a visit to Brisbane’s most innovative podiatry practice today. Call for an appointment now on 1300 A1 Feet.
Sphere: Related ContentEight Steps to Great Web Design
Take charge of getting your site conceived by a developer and comprehend the process it will save you money and attain you a site that actually works the intended purpose!
1. Knowing your business and how you are currently established in your market.
In order to author a site that truly meets your requirements; you first need to have a full understanding of your business including your products, and/or services and more importantly their market position. You then have to acknowledge how you want to explain your business and what it offers in 7 seconds or less. Sounds impossible? Well that is the average time that a user will consider the point “is this site I searched for?”.
2. Budget and estimation
Have a budget in mind and don’t be afraid to let the developers know what it is. In saying this: BE REALISTIC, $500 will never see a great web site created, nor will they be anything left in the bank to market it.
3. The creative process
Be furnished with example sites and more importantly the elements of the site you like so they can get an understanding of what you would like to see on your site and also what you find frustrating about other sites. This will construct a good profile and realise not only what type of site to build for you but your tolerance to colours, animations, layouts etc. for your requirements which will allow for effective development. The more interaction and information you confer them in the beginning the more time you will save everybody in the long run by getting what you want 1st time round. Check with the designers on how many rounds of changes come with the contract, most will allow for a total conceptual redesign only once and 2 rounds of changes after that.
4. Production and Content
After the home page design is created, the developers will more than likely acquire the general layout of this concept and then create the inner page template. It is this template that will be replicated for most of your pages for your site.
Present your content in a pre-proofed word processed document; don’t get too creative with the document fonts etc. as these will not be kept when the content is copied into the code of the site. It is preferred that you do use bolding, underlining, headings and sub heading though ,as these highlights are transferred into the site and are essential later on in not only establishing with the reader but for Search Engine Optimisation.
One last tip for content; formulate a decent amount of content but present it in a way that a reader may achieve a summary of what you are trying to get across in the 1st couple of paragraphs and an image or to. The rest of the paragraphs that get into finer details ARE FOR GOOGLE !
5. Development Programming and CMS
If your website contains Content Managed Areas (CMS) or has any other dynamic sections the developers will wrap your design around a content management program such as Joomla or Drupal or they may have a custom built system. Make sure that you get to see how the CMS system works on another site they have developed or an example site they may have. You need to know that you can utilize and know the system when your site is complete.
6. Testing and training
We work closely with the developers to test your site especially if there are any CMS or special programs that have been made for you. You can guarantee if it is has just been written for you then it will not operate 100% first time round. This is a where things can get ugly in the process you must understand the way the program operates and test it as if you were normal website user. If it doesn’t make sense to you, odds are it won’t make sense to your audience. Make sure you test your website on more than just your browser, try to test it on Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari. All of these browsers are available to download on the internet for free!
7. Launch – going live
When the developers are ready to bring your site live make sure you have completed the above testing step until you are happy that this website is the best representation of your business / product it can be. Remember even though you can change things after going live it is still a poor reflection on your business if there are spelling mistakes or broken images when you launch.
8. Marketing
There is little point in having a website if nobody visits it, make sure as part of you contract you have considered search engine optimisation and or search engine marketing as part of your website build. This is the absolute most important factor of the whole process. If you are the only one looking at your site then you are in trouble.
Remember Search Engine Optimisation is about 30% Onsite (getting your site correct for Search Engine to index correctly) and 70% Promotion. Any developer who tells you otherwise hasn’t been in the industry too long.
For more information about web design Brisbane, contact Web Site Blue. Our web designers understand marketing as well as design.
Sphere: Related ContentTips to Creating a New Business Logo
A logo is a central step to forming a business. It is the face of your business. And like your face conveys the tone of your business, gestures the service and reveals the professionalism or lack there of.
People spend a lot of money on the creation of their logo and walk away with no artwork files. Then a couple months down the track when they require to put signage on their new building they cannot track the design studio down that formulated the original logo for them and so incur costs to have it redone. This is unnecessary and may cause difficulties when trying to recreate the logo exactly as created originally.
We have created some basic tips you for to think about when creating a logo. Hopefully these will help you from experiencing any future difficulties.
Tip 1
First things first - you need to decide if you would like your logo to have an accompanying icon. It is advised that if your service or product name is not in your business name then perhaps an icon will help in portraying a clear message across to your target audience.
An icon can add an extra element to your branding in that you could use the icon on its own on collateral where perhaps you are looking for a more illustrative finish without losing recognition.
A good example of this is the well-known and executed Fedex logo.
Tip 2
Colour can be an essential decision as it not only could alter the output costs but can also limit your output use. Consider the end result and what you will be putting your branding onto in the future. Make sure your designer is aware of this as they should design accordingly.
Tip 3
Make sure you get a back up disk of your logo as a master file and ensure that it includes all the files required for the different printing formats.
Creative software updates frequently and some programmes become obsolete. Assure you have a copy of your logo as a PDF - with the text converted to curves.
Tip 4
Using images in your logo is not very easy to regulate. For example it is hard to to reverse into black and white. Images also have limitations when it comes to size - they can only be reproduced to a certain size before they start pixilation.
Tip 5
Using gradients in your logo is not recommended. This too can have limitations when it comes to output for ie: gradients are hard to reproduce when embroidering fabrics.
Tip 6
Assure sure the font is legible. Some logos need to be reproduced on small pieces of collateral ie: post stamps. It is important that in this case the text is
readable
Tip 7
Make certain that you collect a copy of your logo in CMYK high resolution 300 dpi (for printing use) and RGB 72 dpi(for web use).
Tip 8
It is important to have a style guide of your logo. It will clearly show you how to use your logo so it looks exactly the same every time it is reproduced. This allows you to keep your corporate image consistent.
Tip 9
Make sure that you get a letter from the design studio declaring that you own the copyright to your logo.
If you follow these tips then not only will you accept a well-designed logo but you will also own the artwork. And when it comes to reproducing your collateral you will be doing it the most cost effective way.
For logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact graphic design Brisbane today for a free two hour consultation.
Sphere: Related ContentHow to Create a Style Guide
How many times have you sent business cards to print and received yet another version of your corporate colour? Ever been delighted to see your advert in the latest newspaper and then spotted that the crucial tag line is missing or your logo has been wrecked.
There is only one way to prevent this from happening and that is to use a style guide. Not only will a style guide aid you direct the reproduction of your logo - it will also help you bolster your brand recognition – which many argue is one of the strongest selling tools.
We have placed the below steps together for you as a starting point.
Step 1 : Outline the audience for your Style Guide. Is this for staff to utilize in-house or is this for suppliers and contractors to refer to?
Step 2 : Outline what your output uses are. This is important because you will need different logos and file formats for example, black and white publication adverts in comparison to vehicle graphics.
Step 3 : Define the tone for the copy and content required. For example you may wantcopy rules for printed content and then copy rules for website content.
Content rules cover all punctuation rules and how to refer to the business and team.
Step 4 : Confirm you layout all the design templates so it is clear how and where the logo and branding lies on all the different pieces of collateral that may be reprinted.
Step 5 : Make sure to include any contributing logos or logos of business that are correlated with you. It’s also important that you deliver a copy of the layout to these companies to guarantee they agree with the layout of their logo as they too may have their own Style Guide and hierarchy layout rules.
Step 6 : Make sure that grammar, spelling and contact details are correct.
Step 7 : Make sure that when suppliers are using the Style Guide they understand~know~discern~apprehend} that a proof needs to be dispatched~sent~mailed~commissioned}to you to be affirmed as correct.
Have your Style Guide finished and as established as possible. Then have it saved in an email friendly file format and have a couple printed. Once this is done we strongly advocate a training session – whereby your design studio comes in and trains your staff on how to put to work the Style Guide and most importantly your brand.
For graphic design Brisbane, logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact Bydaughters today. We help your brand build business.
Sphere: Related ContentProjectors: LCD Verses DLP (The downfall of DLP technology)
The typical question asked when buying a new projector for the home, office, or classroom is: should I take an LCD projector or a DLP projector? LCD, an acronym for ‘liquid crystal device’ and DLP, which stands for ‘digital light processing’ are the two most common projector imaging technologies. With so many company brands and different types available, it can be confusing for customers to make a choice between these technologies. Ultimately LCD projectors provide far superior image quality and colour accuracy. The following article will explain why DLP projectors struggle with projecting the same level of image quality.
Visualise a set of blinds in your house over your bedroom window. By twisting a rod you can turn the shutters open or closed, depending on if you want to let light in or not. That is exactly how an LCD projector operates. Each pixel functions like a single shutter on a set of blinds to either pass light through or to block it. DLP on the other hand is created of millions of microscopic mirrors or ‘pixel elements’ as the experts like to call them. Each pixel element operates to either reflect light or block it.
How the light source is processed from when the projector is turned on to when the picture reaches your screen is absolutely significant with regard to image quality, brightness and colour accuracy. LCD projectors project white light from the lamp by cutting it into red, blue and green components, by three mirrors which direct the coloured light to 3 stand alone LCD panels. The 3 LCD panels create the elements of the image by switching each pixel on and off. The pixels are then projected in a glass prism to create the projector image. A point to understad about LCD projectors is that all three colours are delivered onto your wall all at once. The way a DLP projector runs is vastly different and even how an image appears is not the same. With DLP, white light from the lamp is directed through a turning colour wheel with transparent red, blue and green segments, at speeds up to 11,000 rpm/s. This method of forming an image forms a sequence of red, blue and green light. The millions of micro mirrors mentioned above reflect the coloured light on the pixels to construct the image elements. The elements of the image are sent in sequence on the screen, one colour at a time. The viewer’s vision will then pull together each coloured element of the image into the whole image. From LCD projectors, all colours are available all the time to deliver the best brightness and superb colour accuracy. In DLP, just one colour is available at once, and so causing lower colour brightness and accuracy. Some manufacturers have included a white segment into the colour wheel to improve brightness generally, but this goes and degrades colour accuracy.
I hear in forums all the time that DLP provides a higher contrast ratio and thus must be superior quality. For those who are unaware, the contrast ratio is a measure of a display system defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest white to that of the darkest black that the system is capable of producing. DLP projectors do have high contrast specifications as compared to a majority of LCD projectors. At first glance, this must be a benefit, however, in the real world, the true black level is determined by the ambient light in the room where the projector is in use. Do not be tricked by contrast specifications on websites and in brochures.
When the content you wish to project has moving images, DLP projection technology can also have image imperfections, or ‘artifacts’. The most commonplace artifact that a DLP projector forms with moving images is colour break up. Colour break up is unavoidable in DLP systems because moving images change between the time red, blue and green colours are projected. LCD projectors do not have this characteristic because every colour is delivered with the others. DLP developers have developed 3DLP solutions using 3 chips to fix the colour break up artifacts, but the expense of these projectors make them not practical for most businesses and consumers.
Another variance between LCD and DLP is how they compensate for the refractive qualities of light. Remember back to high school science, and recall when they taught you how the various colours of light refract various amounts when shone through the same lens. The downside with DLP projectors is that they utilise the one same panel for the same lens to project Red, Blue and Green. All 3 colours are obviously not the same and refract light differently. Generally with a DLP projector, some extra yellow colour will show above and an extra blue will be projected below an image of something as simple as a lone black line. In manufacturing LCD projectors can be fixed to minimize these effects on the projected image, because each colour is processed on separate LCD panels.
The sole true benefit (excluding price) with choosing a DLP projector is its smaller size and weight. However, this is only relevant with regard to transporting the device and cannot be traded off against the image advantages of LCD projectors. If the result of the picture quality is vital to you, then the answer is a no-brainer. Take an LCD projector! LCD projectors will consistently make bright, colourful images with fewer image blips. If you desire to know more about LCD technology in more detail, have a gander at this fabulous resource website: Explore 3LCD. If you have any other questions, jump onto Projector Central and send me an email.
Jonathan King is the sales and marketing manager for Projector Central, Australia’s premier online provider for projectors. Brisbane based, Projector Central has been servicing Australia for 15 years. For data projectors in the Gold Coast and Interactive Whiteboards, contact Projector Central today.
Sphere: Related ContentYachting and Yacht Clubs
As the Dutch rose to dominance in sea power during the 17th century, the first yacht was a leisure craft used mostly by royalty and secondly by the burghers on the canals and the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Yacht racing was incidental, arising as private games. English yachting began with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his return to the English throne in 1660, the city of Amsterdam sent him a 20-metre (66-foot) leisure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, ruled 1685–88), made more yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and returning, on a £100 bet. Yachting became popular for the wealthy and nobility, but after that point the habit did not last.
The first yacht group in the British Isles, the Water Club, was instigated at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard group, and had large naval panoply and formality. The closest thing to racing boats was the “chase,” for which the “fleet” pursued an imaginary enemy. The club endured, mostly as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, by joining with other clubs, it became the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing began in some organized manner on the Thames in the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland instigated the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV rose to monarchy in 1820, it was then named the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded following a racing fight, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht club had been started at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal sponsorship made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the perpetual setting of British yachting. The association at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, likewise at the accession of George IV. Every member was required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing tests for high stakes were held, and the social life was wonderful. Ultimately Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to bigger than 350 tons.
In North America, yachting started with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and continued when the English held dominance. Sailing was mostly for fun and rose to its epitome in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which sailed on the Mediterranean Sea and established a benchmark of luxury and sophistication for the later yachts in those waters from the late 19th century. The first enduring American yacht association, the Detroit Boat Club, was instigated in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens founded the New York Yacht Club while aboard his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
The first sailing yachts were within the lines of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century through the latter half of the 19th century. The style of bigger yachts was originally greatly put upon by the success of America, which was drawn by George Steers for a syndicate started by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) had its namesake after its success at Cowes in 1851. Early yachts were not designed and crafted in a contemporary sense, with only a model for an outline. Not until the later half of the 19th century did what was known as naval architecture come about. Not until the 1920s did the use of the science of aerodynamics do for the design of sails and rigging what such science had already done for hulls.
Because nearly all sailboats were individually custom-built, there arose a desire for handicapping boats before the one-design class boats were made. Thus, a rating rule was decreed, which ended up in the International Rule, adopted in 1906 and revised in 1919. Today, one of the most rapidly blossoming areas in sailing is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are created to the same requirements in length, beam, sail area, and other areas (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing between these boats can be done on an even playing field with no handicapping at all. A great example is the uniform International America’s Cup Class taken on for yachts in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
As long as yachting was done mostly for the royal and the rich, cost was no problem, and the size of boats developed, in both length and weight. The ascendancy and popularity of smaller craft happened in the later half of the 19th century from the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A trip around the world (1895–98) led single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray proved the hardiness of smaller yachts. Following this in the 20th century, particularly after World War II, smaller racing and pleasure boats became more common, down to the dinghy, a popular training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, craft of less than 3 m were sailed single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
Following the decade 1840–50, when steam started to take the place of sail power in public craft, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were employed increasingly in pleasure craft. Large power yachts were furthered to a high degree, and long-distance travel was a favourite pastime of the wealthy. The first power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; these then made way to boats powered by the fully submerged screw or propeller type of propulsion. As well as naval and merchant boats, auxiliaries with both sail and power were the yacht archetype for a number of years. By the second half of the 20th century, a lot of yachts were still auxiliaries, but the majority were exclusively power yachts with gasoline or diesel engines.
In the last decade of the 19th century there was a rise in the construction of more sizeable steam yachts. Conspicuous among these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, with triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was operated by a crew of over 150. The Mayflower, bought by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and saw active service for World War II.
As larger and better quality internal-combustion engines were developed, many large yachts were using them for power. The establishment of the diesel engine, employing heavy oil for fuel, was furthered from World War I. In the decade that followed, big power-yacht manufacture flourished, reaching a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. From that point the best auxiliary yacht constructed was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The construction of larger power boats lessened in 1932, and the fashion thereafter was for smaller, less expensive yachts. From World War II, a lot of small naval craft were bought by private owners for conversion to yachts. At the late 20th century, yachting had become a internationally popular sport enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen individually sailing and upkeeping their own small recreational craft. The number of boats and sailors has increased steadily, not only in the traditional places by the seacoasts but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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Sphere: Related ContentProportional, Progressive, and Regressive taxes
Taxes can be categorized by the effect they have on the placement of income and wealth. A proportional tax is the kind that impinges the same relative burden on each taxpayer—i.e., when tax liability and income grow in relative scale. A progressive tax is recognised by a greater than proportional growth in the tax burden in relation to the rise in income, and a regressive tax is characterizable by a less than proportional increase in the related onus. Thus, progressive taxes are regarded as taking away inequalities in income distribution, while regressive taxes can have the effect of an increase in these inequalities.
The taxes that are normally considered progressive include individual income taxes and estate taxes. Income taxes that are declarably progressive, however, may become less so within the upper-income group—particularly if a taxpayer is permitted to lower his tax base by nominating deductions or by leaving out certain income components from his taxable income. Proportional tax rates if applied to lower-income groups will also be more progressive if such personal exemptions are made.
Income measured over a given year does not definitely give the most suitable measure of taxpaying requirement. For example, transitory increases in income could be saved, and during temporary declines in income a taxpayer could select to pay for consumption by taking from savings. Therefore, if taxation is held in comparison along with “permanent income,” it should be less regressive (or more progressive) than if compared with annual income.
Sales taxes and excises (excepting those on luxuries) are mostly regressive, because the dissemination of one’s income consumed or spent for a specific good lessens as the rate of personal income increases. Poll taxes (also called head taxes), levied as a set amount per capita, clearly are regressive.
It is not simple to term corporate income taxes and taxes on business as progressive, regressive, or proportionate, due to the lack of certainty regarding the ability of businesses to shift their tax expenses (see below Shifting and incidence). This difficulty of dictating who bears the tax burden lays for the most part on whether a national or a subnational (that is, provincial or state) tax is being determined.
In analysing the economic effects of taxation, it is essential to differentiate between various points of tax rates. The statutory rates are dictated in legislature; commonly these are marginal rates, but occasionally they are median rates. Marginal income tax rates note the fraction of incremental income that is demanded by taxation when income grows by one dollar. Ergo, if tax burden rises by 45 cents when income rises by one dollar, the marginal tax rate is 45 percent. Income tax legislation usually contain graduated marginal rates—i.e., rates that increase as income rises. Heavy analysis of marginal tax rates should take into account provisions in addition to the formal statutory rate structure. If, for example, a particular tax credit (reduction in tax) lowers by 20 cents for each one-dollar increase in income, the marginal rate is 20 percentage points greater than nominated by the statutory rates. Since marginal rates display how after-tax income moves in response to changes in before-tax income, they are the necessary ones for appraising incentive effects of taxation. It is even more difficult to realise the marginal effective tax rate applicable to income from business and capital, because it may be dependant on factors such as the structure of depreciation allowances, the deductibility of interest, and the provisions for inflation adjustment. A basic economic theorem holds that the marginal effective tax rate in income from capital is nil under a consumption-based tax.
Average income tax rates signify the fraction of total income that is paid in taxation. The pattern of average rates is the one that is relevant for appraising the distributional equity of taxation. Under a progressive income tax the average income tax rate rises with income. Average income tax rates generally grow with income, both because personal allowances are granted for the taxpayer and dependents and also because marginal tax rates are graduated; on the flip side, preferential treatment of income received predominantly by high-income households can dampen these effects, producing regressivity, as shown by average tax rates that decrease as income grows.
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